Case Study: Therapeutic Modalities

Case Study: Therapeutic Modalities Three types of counselling approaches and intervention techniques are described and evaluated. The three approaches are, person centred approach, cognitive behavioural approach and the feminist approach. The person-centred approach was developed by the American psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940-1950s (Rogers 1942, Rogers 1951) and this approach, also known as the client-centered or non-directive approach, continues to be used widely to this day. As the name of the theory implies, within the client-centered approach the counselling process places a heavy emphasis on the clients own ability to resolve their problems. At the time it was developed, Rogerian therapy marked a distinct departure from the traditional psychotherapy in that the person being consulted was not termed to be the patient. Carl Rogers believed in the clients own capacity to develop and improve based on their resources rather than as the result of some techniques employed by the counsellor. The role of the counsellor changed into that of a facilitator rather than a doctor, and the function of the therapy was to help the client tap into their own resources. The person-centred approach presupposes six core conditions required for therapeutic change: psychological contact between the client and the therapist; client incongruence; therapist congruence; therapist unconditional positive regard; accurate empathic understanding; client perception of the empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard (Corey 2009). These six conditions are considered to be sufficient and necessary for the success of a therapeutic relationship. The first condition, psychological contact, is the sense of dependency between the counsellor and the client that goes beyond the obvious sensory contact. The relationship between the two is characterised by equality both the therapist and the client are on the path of discovery, and both share intimate information. Therapists have the role of a guide on this journey because they are more experienced, but it is a mutual journey nevertheless. The condition of client incongruence the clients sense of unrest and anxiety. Within the framework of Rogerian theory, personality incongruence is the imbalance between the self-concept, the ideal self, and organismic experience. The clients sense of incongruence stems from the desire to achieve a balance between these three components (Rogers,1951). Therapist congruence, on the other hand, is the therapists level of authenticity in their relationship with the client. In other words, the therapist must be completely open with the client, sharing their emotions, attitudes and reactions that develop in the course of the interaction. The role of the therapist is to serve as a model of a human being who is at peace with their inner-self and accept themselves and others without inhibition or false pretences. In a successful therapeutic relationship, the therapist will be genuinely moved to communicate personal information and will be genuinely engaged in their relationship with the client. The second important quality on the part of the therapist is unconditional positive regard for their client. The therapist is accepting of their client without approving or disapproving of their behaviour, there are no judgmental feelings and no conditions for approval. As Fall et al. (2004, p.202) point out Unconditional positive regard is more than acceptance; it is an unwavering respect for the humanity of the client that is not affected by the behaviour demonstrated by the client. Another cornerstone of person-centered approach is the concept of accurate empathic understanding. This part of the therapist-client relationship consists in the therapists ability to experience the clients feelings as if they were his own. Such empathy will allow the therapist to arrive at an accurate understanding of those parts of the clients experience that remain not verbalised directly. The therapist is then able to help their client to clarify and work through feelings that lie only at the edge of their conscious awareness. Finally, the success of a therapeutic relationship also depends on the clients perception of the therapist. The three qualities need to be sufficiently communicated to the client so they feels safe to disclose their inner world to the therapist. This final quality of the relationship speaks to the dynamic nature of the person-oriented approach the therapist creates the necessary conditions for the client to progress, but the ultimate success hinges upon the clients perception and the clients willingness to take advantage of those conditions. The second therapeutic modality discussed is the cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). In its modern version the theory came into being in the 1980s and 1990s as the result of convergence of two earlier counselling approaches developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. The main difference of this therapeutic modality from the person-centered approach is that in CBT there is a stricter control by therapist in terms of the intervention techniques used. Cognitive behaviour approaches are based on the principle that the clients improvement is the result of cognitive restructuring and acquisition of new cognitive skills and thinking patterns. Such learning is directed by the therapist through a series of focused, goal-oriented intervention techniques. Cognitive behaviour therapy is an umbrella term that covers a variety of therapy types, and is thus more dispersed in terms of the specific intervention techniques used. Some examples of the more widely used and discussed cognitive behaviour therapies are Cognitive Analytic Therapy, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, and Multimodal Therapy. However, there are certain principles that form the basis of the different specific applications. The Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies outlines the basic cognitive and behavioural interventions as: clients learn to distinguish between thoughts and feelings; become aware of the ways in which their thoughts influence their feelings in ways that are not helpful; evaluate critically the veracity of their automatic thoughts and assumptions; develop the skills to notice, interrupt, and intervene at the level of automatic thoughts as they happen (ABCT, 2010). To distinguish between thoughts and feelings allows the client to recognise the rational thoughts that regularly become precursors to the emotions. Once such a distinction has been established the client is then encouraged to identify the unjustified and unreasonable aspects of their reactions to their own thoughts or stimuli. They further learn to take control of thoughts and feelings at the unconscious level, and engage in cognitive restructuring forming new patterns of thinking and new reactions to events. The behavioural strand in CBT brings in the two key principles of classic conditioning and operant conditioning, which both aim at encouraging positive reinforcement of positive (adaptive) behaviours and minimize reinforcement of destructive (maladaptive) behaviours. Fall et al. (2004) point out that in behavioural approaches to counselling, the counsellor focuses less on the past, and more so on the present and future, seeking to identify aspects of the clients environment that can be modified in order to reinforce adaptive behaviour patterns. The two strands, cognitive and behavioural, merge in CBT approaches to produce treatment that is usually short-term and skills-based. This means that most of the clients progress happens outside of the counselling sessions, in the real world, where they practice the behaviours and thinking patterns pointed out in the counselling sessions. CBT is, thus, empirically based both in theory and practice, as the clients progress is measured by reports of practical successes in their attempts to change both their environment and their reactions to their environment. Finally, the third therapeutic modality is the feminist approach to therapy. It emerged as the outcome of the revision of traditional counselling theories from the feminist perspective. Such a revision brought about a new agenda and a new vision of womens mental health as a unique category separate from concerns that are characteristic of the male population. Worell Remer (2004, p.6) name 15 issues in the traditional psychotherapy that stimulated the emergence of feminist approaches. Among them are dissatisfaction with the traditional theories of female and male development and behaviour that depicted stereotyped male traits as the norm and females as deficient by comparison, and frustration with the continuing omission of women from the knowledge base of psychology. Although the term feminist therapy also cuts across a variety of approaches and techniques in therapeutic practice, according to Worell Remer (2004, p. 23), there are four core principles that form its foundation: attention to the diversity of womens personal and social identities; a consciousness-raising approach; an egalitarian relationship between client and therapist; and a woman-valuing and self-validating process. Attention to the diversity of womens personal and social identities is the belief that women hold multiple roles in their personal and social lives. These roles and identities are discussed and analysed in order to determine their influence on the clients behaviour. The consciousness-raising techniques aim to raise the clients awareness of the external social forces that have an influence on the way they live their lives and experience reality. A distinction between socially-conditioned behaviour and intrapsychic sources of behaviour is made with an exploration of the politics of sexist and racist societal structures that may exist. Furthermore, the relationship between the client and the therapist is that of equality the clients resourcefulness is emphasised and valued. The therapist empowers the client not so much through sharing their own judgments and wisdom, as through facilitation of the self-exploration processes and self-healing resources that the client is assumed to have. This vision of the client-therapist relationship integrates with the goal to foster such qualities as emotional expression, concern for others and community-building among women. Such woman-valuing process is further enhanced by linguistic framing, e.g. enmeshing or fused may be reframed as caring or nurturing (ibid). Worell Remer (2004) also present an Empowerment Model that is an application of the above principles for counselling purposes. The purpose of Empowerment counselling is not only to reduce whatever dysfunctional symptoms the client may exhibit and not only to return them to their baseline normal level of functioning, but to empower them and make them more resilient than before. There are ten components of a womans well-being that the Empowerment Model aims to achieve as the result of counselling: improved self-evaluation; improved comfort-distress ratio; gender- and culture-role awareness; personal control/ self-efficacy; self-nurturance; problem-solving skills; assertiveness; increased access to social, economic, and community support; gender and cultural flexibility; and social activism. The specific intervention techniques that may be employed in order to achieve the above goals are at the discretion of individual therapists, since feminist therapy cuts across a variety of different counselling theories. As Worell Remer (2004, p. 26) note, Some theories may be more conducive to this transformation process than others, depending on the extent to which they endorse gender-biased or ethnocentric concepts or procedures. For example, the authors indicate that they personally rely on two approaches while working within the framework of the Empowerment Model cognitive-behavioural and psychodrama. However, it is still possible to identify several approaches that lend themselves best to feminist philosophy and objectives: gender-role analysis, power analysis, and demystifying methods. In gender-role analysis the treatment focuses on analysing gender-specific stereotypes and expectations imposed by society and ways that they relate to the clients life. Power analysis, focuses is on ways which the distribution of political, social or economic power between genders has shaped the clients personality and life choices. The clients are led toward a deeper understanding of both advantages and destructive consequences of such power distribution. Finally, demystification is used as an ancillary technique in order to reduce the power balance between the client and the therapist. More recently, feminist therapy engages cultural perspectives in order to account for clients diverse cultural backgrounds. Such diversity of perspectives relates directly to the attention that feminist therapy p ay to honouring and accounting for the multiple roles and identities of a woman. The three therapeutic modalities described in this paper are different by their structure, therapeutic goals, and practical techniques. With a single founder, the person-centered approach is the most unified of the three as a theory and method. There are easily identifiable six core concepts that form the foundation of the approach. The cognitive-behavioural theory stems from two theoretical sources and has branched out into a variety of different specific applications. It is characteristic of CBT applications to be disorder-specific. Finally, feminist therapy is more of a philosophy of counselling than a practical method and draws on other therapy types, such as CBT, to find practical intervention techniques most suitable for their target population. Feminist therapy is also different in its assumption that therapy cannot be universally applied to all populations and that women require approaches fine-tuned to their particular contexts. There are certainly also similarities across the different approaches. In all of them, an open, non-judgmental nature of the relationship between client and therapist is a key to the success of the therapy. However, the relationship between client and therapist in feminist approaches are closer to being person-centered than cognitive-behavioural. In both feminist and person-centered philosophy of counselling, the client is seen as the source of their own well-being. The therapist takes the role of a more experienced peer rather than a mentor leading the client towards well-being.

Of Mice and Men the Relationships Essay

How does Steinbeck present the relationship between George and Lennie in this chapter? The author John Steinbeck presents the relationship between the two characters, George and Lennie in different ways as they are both different characters and have different personalities. He presents it like a parent and child relationship, with George being the parent and Lennie the child. As soon as the reader is introduced to George and Lennie Steinbeck tells us that, â€Å"They had walked in single file down the path†. This immediately notifies the reader of the kind of relationship between George and Lennie, it does this by stating â€Å"single file†. This reminds us of a game called follow the leader. It also tells us that the person at the front (George) is responsible and the leader. We can also see this idea on page five. When George says, â€Å"I ain’t sure it’s good water†. This again portrays the idea of George being the responsible, as he has to tell Lennie this and Lennie can’t tell himself. It also shows us that George is concerned over Lennie’s health. This implies that George has feelings for Lennie. We again see the idea of Lennie being like a child when on page sixteen he wants a story told to him again. This tells us Lennie is child like because this situation is like a parent reading a child a bedtime story. After drinking from the pool, when they are sat on the hill Lennie imitates George’s actions â€Å"he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way George’s hat was.† Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote â€Å"way George’s hat was† suggests he acts just like him and mimics him how a son would to a father. We also notice that Lennie tries to be clever towards George to show that he is smart even though he is not, â€Å"he said cleverly†. We can see throughout chapter one that George several times feels sorry for Lennie. the phrase â€Å"poor bastard† not only tells that there is a sense of sympathy from George in the relationship, but it also sort of makes the reader feel sorry for Lennie, Steinbeck also implies this through stating that George â€Å"looked ashamedly at the fire†. I could also notice when I was reading through the first chapter that George has a sense of authority over Lennie, â€Å"you gonna get that wood†. This is like a parent telling a child to do his chores. On some occasions though George shows a bit of hatred towards Lennie, he thinks of what he could have if Lennie wasn’t around and contrasts that with George. There is also a sense of lack of trust in the relationship  between the two men. We see this through the predicament with the work cards. It tells us that George again has to take care of Lennie, and that Lennie isn’t trusted by George. Again this idea is portrayed to the reader on page seventeen, we notice that George knows that he needs a plan b as Lennie cannot be trusted so his plan b is to tell Lennie to â€Å"hide in the brush until I come for you†. This helps us to understand the relationship even further. George also treats Lennie like a dog in one occasion in the chapter, â€Å"good boy†. This is something a master would say to a dog to encourage them, it also tells us the sort of role in the relationship George has again. In conclusion, we see that Steinbeck uses various techniques to portray the relationship between George and Lennie. But the main method is the idea of George being like a parent to Lennie.

Things You Should Know About Buy College Term Paper

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Opposition to the DREAM Act Legislation

Imagine for a moment that you are a teenager: you have a group of close friends whove been with you since elementary school; youre one of the top students in your class; and your coach tells you that if you keep it up, you could have a shot at a scholarship, which you really need since your dream is to go into medicine. Unfortunately, you wont be able to fulfill your dream because of your parents undocumented status. As one of the 65,000 undocumented students in the U.S. who graduate from high school each year, you are barred from higher education and cannot legally obtain employment after graduation. Worse yet, there are people who in the U.S. who believe that all undocumented immigrants should be deported. Through no fault of your own, you could be forced to leave your home and move to a foreign country. Why Do People Think the Dream Act Is Bad for the U.S.? Does that seem fair? The DREAM Act, legislation that would provide a way for undocumented students to gain permanent residency through education or military service, is taking a hit from anti-immigrant groups, and in some cases, migrant advocates. According to the Denver Daily News, anti-illegal immigration advocate and former Colorado congressman Tom Tancredo said the bill should be renamed the NIGHTMARE Act because it will increase the number of people who come to the United States illegally. FAIR thinks the DREAM Act is a bad idea, calling it amnesty for illegal aliens. The group echoes many anti-DREAMers saying that the DREAM Act would reward undocumented immigrants and encourage continued illegal immigration, it would take education spots away from American students and make it more difficult for them to obtain tuition assistance, and passage of the DREAM Act would put additional strain on the country since the students could eventually petition for their relatives residency. Citizen Orange explains that the military provision within the DREAM Act is a cause for concern for some migrant advocates. The author says that because many undocumented youth are underprivileged, joining the military could be their only path to leg al status. Its a concern that depends on a persons view of military service: whether it is seen as being forced to risk your life, or an honorable way to serve your country. There will always be differing views and opinions on any type of legislation, but especially so when it comes to a controversial topic like immigration. For some, the debate is as simple as whether or not to make children suffer because of the actions of their parents. For others, the DREAM Act is only one small part of comprehensive immigration reform, and the effect of such legislation would be widespread. But for the DREAMers — the undocumented students whose futures depend on the outcome — the outcome of the legislation means much, much more.

Doctor Faustus - Analysis Essay - 1785 Words

I. The play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlow was first published in Manchester by Manchester Publishing in 1588, no information about the play’s first production date was found. II. Doctor Faustus is contrived of the following: Faustus, a man well learned in medicine and other knowledge’s known to man is dissatisfied with where his life is heading so he calls upon the Lucifer and His accomplice, Mephistophilis, to teach him the ways of magic. They agree to be his tutors only if Faustus will sell his soul to Lucifer and be His after 20 years. Faustus agrees and goes through trying times where he is unsure of his decision and considers repenting but then is persuaded again and again that the magic powers of the Devil are far more†¦show more content†¦Mephistophilis is very aware about what is going on around him; he does not miss a detail. That is why he knows how to manipulate people, especially Faustus, into giving him what he wants. IV. The language of this play is in literary prose. Since it was written well before 1830 colloquial prose is automatically ruled out. The dialogue in this play is more the thoughts of the characters instead of their actual words. For example Faustus says, â€Å"Faustus, begin thine incantations, And try if devils will obey thy hest, Seeing thou hast prayd and sacrificd to them.† (1.29) Here is alone on stage talking to himself. Normally people when alone do not talk to themselves, but Marlow uses that time to tell us what Faustus is doing, it keeps us informed. These words seem to be less natural because they sound like Faustus’ thoughts instead of his actual dialogue. An example of stage direction with in the dialogue is when Mephistophilis says, â€Å"Faustus, thou shalt: then kneel down presently, Whilst on thy head I lay my hand, And charm thee with this magic wand.† (1.120) V. As stated before, most of the stage directions are written within the dialogue of the script. The few stage directions in parentheticals are only the entrances, exits, and exeunts: â€Å"Damnd be his soul for ever for this deed! [Exeunt all except FAUSTUS and MEPHISTOPHILIS† (1.135) Occasionally,Show MoreRelatedDoctor Faustus Analysis1089 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Drama Doctor Faustus The play Doctor Faustus represents the conflict between good and evil inside everyone and how people can be influenced into doing things through religion and spiritual beliefs. This play illustrates the influences that people can have when met with promises of wealth, power and ultimate knowledge. Faustus is torn throughout the play on whether to repent and turn towards God or to sell his soul and indulge in earthly pleasures. Just like today, people can useRead MoreAnalysis of the Actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus Based on Free Will and Fate1677 Words   |  7 PagesMany scholars have debated whether the actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus in Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s plays come from the characters themselves or whether they were following a predetermined fate. In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each character’s destiny, or fate, seems to be predetermined by the supernatural and unpreventable by any actions meant to stop it from occurring. The concept of fate is a large component in many Aristotelian Tragedies, such as MacbethRead More The tragical history of Doctor Faustus Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe tragical history of Doctor Faustus, which followed in the wake of Tamburlaine, is acclaimed by all as Marlowes best play in which the leaven of fertile poetry and fearless imagination works wonders. Introduction: The tragical history of Doctor Faustus, which followed in the wake of Tamburlaine, is acclaimed by all as Marlowes best play in which the leaven of fertile poetry and fearless imagination works wonders. The idea of a passionate struggle to reach beyond the grasp of Read MoreAcademic Expert1298 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, concerning the subject of knowledge probably being a downfall as they have inferred in their own plays, Doctor Faustus and Hamlet respectively. Amusingly, the chief persona of both plays is an academic intensely occupied with the quest for knowledge. In addition, each character is as well a tragic idol whose demise is inevitable. In Doctor Faustus, Faustus trades his soul with the Devil for infinite knowledge acquisition while in Hamlet; Hamlet acquires portions of informationRead MoreThe Function Of The Tragic Greek Chorus1295 Words   |  6 PagesWeiner, 205). Aristotle goes on to say that â€Å"[the Chorus] should be a part of the whole enterprise and share in the action† (205). The more the Chorus is integrated into the play, the more it becomes more of a character. Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet as well as his Macbeth’s witches all serve as a tool for play progression and representation of theme; by identifying these points, the Chorus becomes an actor in its own right. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and JulietRead MoreShift from Medieval Scholasticism to Humanism800 Words   |  3 Pages The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw a shift away from the traditional methods of medieval scholasticism which focused primarily on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers and priests and instead saw the beginnings of a movement which would become known as Rennaissance Humanism. This new movement was a rejection of the traditional methods, aiming instead to create a citizenry which could read and write with eloquence, and allowing them to participate in civic life - in this we see the originsRead MoreImplication Of Costume Design Choices Of William Shakespeare s Doctor Faustus Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesImplication of Costume Design Choices in Staging Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus â€Å"An effective costume engages the audience’s attention and enhances the production and the actor’s performance: (1) it visually defines and supports the character developed by the actor, and (2) it helps establish the overall theme and mood of the production as interpreted by the director. An effective costume speaks to the audience’s subconscious store of knowledge and experience, helping them to identify the individual charactersRead MoreThe Supernatural in Marlowes Doctor Faustus2294 Words   |  10 Pagestime that are related to Marlowes play. The last and most extensive section focuses on the analysis of the supernatural elements in _Dr. Faustus_ and their connection with the ambiguities and contradictory ideals of the period. _Doctor Faustus_ is a non-traditional morality play, whose main character is not Everyman (the typical protagonist of this type of plays) but a single man -John Faustus-, who is a doctor in theology and has a raging thirst for knowledge. He wants to find the answers to all theRead MoreFaustus, By Dr. Faustus2669 Words   |  11 Pagesoutset, Dr. Faustus is in his study contemplating what academic discipline is the most fulfilling. He reviews a number of disciplines in his mind, such as logic and medicine (which he believes he is already adequately distinguished in), and law and theology (which he believes to have inherent inadequacies). Dr. Faustus’s route from religion to magic seems to be forcedly cobbled together in order to elicit a certain emotion towards sophists as a whole, and Marlowe laboriously thrusts Dr. Faustus into becomingRead MoreWhen Art Imitates Art757 Words   |  3 PagesThe novel deals with the Spanish Civil War and the warfare is described in the song. o â€Å"The Smallprint† by Muse, a song from the perspective of the Devil talking to a person selling their soul to him because of greed, is based on the story of Doctor Faustus, a person who sells his soul to the Devil to gain unlimited knowledge and all the worldly pleasures. o â€Å"Dont Stand So Close to Me† by The Police was inspired by Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita, as is clear in the lyrics: Its no use he sees

My First Day at University Free Essays

My first day in buic I remember my first day I had wait all the summer to enter the university. I felt excited and at the same time I was very nervous because it was my first day in the university and I didn’t know any person. My first day in the university was good and give my love and pain to me. We will write a custom essay sample on My First Day at University or any similar topic only for you Order Now I didn’t know how to find my classroom. I was lost and I had to ask one person the easy way to go to there. This person was very nice and told me the right direction. I wouldn’t find my classroom I arrived to classroom late. When I walked on, I saw some people and I felt strange. I approached to one girl and asked for the classroom. It’s so lucky when I knew that we were in the same group, so I felt less nervous. I introduced myself and she also did it, her name is tip. We came in the classroom when the time to start classes began. All our classmates were quiet, nobody talked at all. The teacher arrived early. She started the class and after that we introduced ourselves. There were many people that came from different areas of over country, they were friendly and interested. tip and I sat closely and talked very much. After that, we spent the rest of the day together until we had to go home. We felt that we have many things in common with each other. Day by day, we have been best friends at university and usually helped each other in studies and also in life. At last ,days ago It was a Saturday when I first saw her. Her brown caramel eyes made my heart skip a beat for I had never seen anything so breathtaking. Her skin was a russet color and her hair was a shady black. That first moment when we saw each other is engraved in my head. I can still hear my heart throbbing loudly in my chest as her eyes landed on me in that small room. We stared at each other as she made her way to the seat in front of me and a smile flicked on her lips to seal that moment. It took a year for me to talk to her; we became best friends but nothing more, nothing that I wanted. Her life was mine, her thoughts were mine, she was my world and she didn’t even know. Everyone said that we had something between us, she always laughed because she never notice how I shatter every time she notice someone else, but what really destroyed me was the day she broke the news that she was leaving and maybe never coming back. I am always going to remember that day because I had the opportunity to meet more people ,especially made friend with tip. Finally, I think it is natural that on the first day we feel nervous, but this always have a happy ending. that’s why I believe my first day in the university was very good. My love for her is like the waves in the sea, it comes and it goes and She made me cry but she also made me laugh. But she never come back to me forever. How to cite My First Day at University, Essay examples

Corporate Goverance And Social Responsibility CSR Report

Question: Describe about the Corporate Goverance And Social Responsibility for CSR Report. Answer: The Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility Issues Involved In Business Decision Making: Corporate Governance is a crucial feature of any business institution. Being a prospective business manager it is important to have a clear knowledge about the subject and how it will be significant for my business organization. Corporate governance is a set of range of duties, responsibilities and legal rights that manage and guide a business organization (Bucur, 2015). The main intend is to distribute the authority and responsibilities among various stakeholders in the organization like employees, managers, board directors, etc. It sets the responsibility and right of each member within an organization. A Corporate Governance is the process by which a business organization is governed (Murphy, 2012). It may be referred as carrying business processes according to stakeholders decisions as it is concerned about the interest of the stakeholders. In an effective business organization, generally there is a good terms between the directors and the managers (Leblanc, and Gillies, 2010). T he board directors must keep a positive point of view about the performance in accordance to the standard performance (Baker, and Anderson, 2010). These factors are very important to practice good corporate governance in an organization. In the 1980s it was noticed that there is an essential swing in the control relationship among owner the stakeholders and managers is taking place. There was a huge pressure from the stakeholders upon the managers for more effective and swift decision making in financial aspects of the organization (Werther Jr, and Chandler, 2010). The common allegation of the stakeholders was that the managers are not capable enough to safe guard the interest of the stakeholders (Du Plessis, et al. 2010). According to news media, the directors were held responsible for the incapability to safe guard stakeholders interest. The initiative of corporate governance applies globally in business sectors like banking and financial institutions, manufacturing industry, IT industry, etc. There are mainly three types of stakeholders in any business organizations; they are stakeholder, stakewatcher and stakekeeper (Gourevitch, et al. 2005). The power of the shareholders to manipulate the activities of the management is restricted in practice and is hardly ever put into effect (Blair, and Roe, 2010). This subsequently grants directors of subsequent authority to best fit in the situation. Thus it can be explained as a structure that is utilized in order to direct and manage an organization. The corporate governess includes both moral as well as immoral sense whichever is good to safe guard the interest of the stakeholders (Van den Berghe, 2012). The non-moral functions include efficient decision making, suitable resource distribution, tactical development, and etc. However, in its moral sense good corporate governance have move as encouraging an ethical climate which is equally morally suitable and automatically correct in terms of ethical behaviour in business where it is profitable also (Visser, et al. 2010). So the fundamental idea of corporate governance is about reasonable decision making with due diligence, the righ ts and responsibilities of the management or directors and corporate social responsibility of the organization (Alexander, 2010). The idea of Corporate Governance is to convey the message among workforce that do as I do and do as I say with the good intention (Nicolaescu, 2013). It has been observed that when there is a low level of commitment in the higher level in management, the lower level find it hard to practice ethical behaviour in the organization. The communication of authenticity will at all time pass down, and when the top management and board of directors are ethical and committed the same is passed down to the lower and middle level managers also (Okpara, and Idowu, 2013). This practice also promotes the ethical business practice within the organization. Ethical infrastructure is an expression of the obligation, a way of checking and solving ethical struggles in the organization and a remarkable expression of honesty (Tricker, 2015). G4 Gri Guidelines: Preparing a CSR report with the G4 GRI Guidelines is a framework that allows business organization to prepare sustainability reports irrespective of its location, nature of business and size by maintaining Reporting Principles, Standard Disclosures and an Implementation Manual (G4 GRI GUIDELINES, 2016). It sets international standards for originations that are interested in disclosing the governance nature of the organization and type of eco-socio-cultural performance and effect of organizations. The G4GRI Guidelines are highly used by organizations in creating documents that discloses organizations good governance activities. This guide G4 GRI Guidelines have been created and improved through a complex process that needed diplomats and executives from business organizations, labour unions, experts of financial market and lastly legal bodies and governments for analysis and standardizing. A global multi-stakeholder process was involves in creation of the G4 GRI guidelines relating re presentatives from business, labour, civil society, and financial markets, as well as auditors and experts in diverse areas; and in harmony with regulators and governmental agencies around the globe (Solomon, 2007). The guiding principles are shaped within association by means of globally accepted reporting associated papers. The author has noted the important doctrine for G4 GRI Guidelines guided report content. These principles are shaped to define transparency in the report. Firstly the stakeholders comprehensiveness, as practical expectations of the stakeholders is the main reason for many decisions in creating the report. It is necessary for any effective sustainable report to identify its stakeholders and clarify how they have reacted to the stakeholders expectations. Normally stakeholders can be explained to the individuals who are directly or indirectly related with the organization like, employees, suppliers, investors, customers, etc. (Farrar, 2008). The main perspective o f a sustainability report is to declare the performance of the organization so it should focus on wider situations of organizational performance. That means the report should cover the performance and activities of the business organization in relation to the standards that are preset and its impact on environment and local community. Thus it should be about organizations contribution in positive or negative way for improving ecological environmental economical and social-cultural impacts (Mallin, 2011). And it should focus on the impact that stakeholders have on decision making process of the organization that has impact on organizations performance. An effective sustainability report includes the aspects of possibility, limit and time. According to the standards that should be maintained while preparing suitability report is transparency. The principle of the guideline states that the sustainability should focus on organizations performance and its impact on eco-socio-cultural asp ect of the community and also the expectations of the stakeholders (Council, 2007). The guidelines ensure the quality and transparency of the report and its information provided so that the stakeholders can analyse the organizations performance and evaluate to take necessary actions. For brining transparency in a sustainability report the following principles are needed to be followed. Firstly balance in reflecting the positive as well as negative performance and aspects in negative impact for its business processes. The report should be balanced, neutral and provide a transparent picture in front of the stakeholders. Secondly, the report should be created and presented in a very comprehensive manner so that it is easy for the stakeholders could analyse and evaluate the performance and improvement of the organizational activities in time. Thus it should be containing information that is selected, compiled and present report constantly. Reactions to fiscal, ecological and social can be expressed in diverse ways which can range from qualitative to in depth quantitative dimensions (Council, 2010). The quality to create accuracy of the information differs according to characteristics of the data and facts and the user. The reported information must be adequately correct and comprehensive for stakeholders to consider the organizations performance. A report can be transparent and accurate when it is published in regular intervals as it will then only assists the stakeholders to evaluate and take part decision making process. Clarity and reliability are the last two characteristics that make sustainability report an effective and according to the G4 GRI Guidelines. Because clarity makes a report understandable and user-friendly which helps the stake holders to evaluate and analyse the organizational performance. Lastly, the fact that are offered in the report should be collected, recorded, assembled, analysed and presented in such a manner so that the information can be utilized later for analysis and assessments which could also set up a situation for organizational performance and achievement. Thus all the above featured discussed that are created as guide lines by G$ GRI Guidelines are important for making an effective and comprehensive sustainability and corporate responsibility report. Wesfamers Comparison: Wesfamers is one of the Australias leading business organizations. The Board of Directors plays a significant role in Wesfamers by directing and supervising the business organization to achievement of the tactical plans and also promoting good governance practices in the organization. The Board seeks to defend and improve the security of its shareholders, at the same time as taking into consideration the welfare of other associated stakeholders, which has workers, consumers, suppliers and community altogether. The management team get into day to day business activities to employ good governance and ethical behaviour and is supported by skilled leadership team. According to the managing director Mr. Richard Goyder, it has dedicated to development of the sustainability of the company to promote and safeguard the interest of the stakeholders. The organizations prominent economic, socio-environmental performance is managed by strong corporate governance structure assists to protect the i nterest of the stakeholders and community partners (Clarke, 2007). The business structure and horizon is such vast ranging that they have to interact with diverse individuals everyday and the corporate governance aims at preserve the reputation of the organization and in the process it also perform positive contribution towards the community. Wesfarmers publicises its CSR report every consecutive year. In this report the author is going to analyse and compare the 2014 and 2015 CSR report of Wesfarmers in relation to in relation to the G4 GRI Guidelines. According to the Wesfarmers CSR website it is a chief metallurgical coal producer and supplier of thermal coal for domestic power generation in Australian Market. According to the website information Wesfarmers is working in maintaining and generating significance over the long term, and is liable to actively administration of its societal and environmental impact and the objective of the CSR has remained the same for 2014 and 2015 a s well. Although the number of employees have decreased in Curragh mine from 547 number of employees in 2014 to 476 number of employees in 2015 which does affect on the total revenue collection, it differs only by $244 million. Although there is no change in the market share, it is still at 40%. In 2014, Wesfamers published its 14th sustainability report and in the consecutive year the 15th one. This shows that the management of Wesfamers are responsible for the interest of the stakeholders. Wesfamers has been actively participating in maintaining the community and environmental impact. In 2014 The Wesfarmers Group has reportedly reduced its greenhouse gas release by 4.1% which was more than 20 % less in comparison to last five years. And in 2015 moving one step further the group has reduced another 2.2 per cent as compared to 2014. The total amount of CO2e or carbon dioxide gas was 3.9 million tonnes and emission decreased by 8% in comparison to 2014 with 59.3 tonnes of carbon diox ide gas released per 1 Million dollars of income. The group achieved this millstone by constant observation and supervision of electricity usage in all sites of Wesfamers. The top priority of the organization is safety and in 2015 they announced that they have achieved the reduction rate by 66%. The water consumption by the sites has also seen notable decrease in the last three years. The total consumption in 2015 was 7,086 mega litres. They have recycled 4500 mega litres that is 29% of the water that have been used in the Curragh mining site. Due to enhanced data and information capture liquid water disposed ad recycled that resulted in recycle 356000 tonnes of wastes which is 17 per cent increase from 2014. The management took the initiative of distribution and donation of 7,800 tonnes of free food through their partner the Second Bite and Foodbank which experienced a 50% increased in donation in comparison to 2014. In 2015, the main issues that Wesfamers concentrated to improve were, safe workplace, improving and developing employee skills and gender diversity work environment including Aboriginals and Torres Strait Island inhabitants. They committed to build a stronger relationship with their valuable suppliers and working with them to improve the source of product to progress the ecological and social practices. The management made a positive communal impact by providing employment to one in every working Australian, providing taxes to the government like a responsible citizen and helping NGO who work on the grass root level in Australia. According to the Wesfamers the sustainable reports are been prepared according to the standards of GRI guidelines. In the process the report has explains the operations that are against the guidelines core elements of governance, financial, ecological and communal performance. The reports objective is associated with GRIs guidelines for forming the sustainability report content which are stakeholders involvement, transparency, accuracy, sustainability context, clarity and reliability. Wesfarmers has committed towards a sustainability development goal by 2030. They are: No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Gender Equality, Pure Water and Sanitation, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Reduced Inequality, Climate Action and Land on Earth. Fuji Xerox Comparison Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd is a joint collaboration between Fujifilm Holdings (Japan) and Xerox (USA) which develop fabricate and trade xerographic in the Asia Pacific area. It is the market leader in the improvement and functioning of sustainable operations. The management of Fuji Xerox is constantly working in promoting the CSR activities by helping the customers and sustaining as a trusted brand. The organizations constant effort is emphasized in safe guarding the interest of the stakeholders and to win their trust. According to Joseph C. Wilson, the business objective of the organization is to build a better understanding among its customers and stakeholders by building effective communication. In 2014, Fuji Xerox publicised its tenth sustainable report. It was the very first initiative to publish the report according to GRI guidelines. In the report the management has reported about the most important issues that matters to them as well as stakeholders and significant performance issues of 2013-2014 financial year. In 2014, the Fuji Xerox received the GBCA Five star Green Star rating for Eco Manufacturing Centre. The then MD of Fuji Xerox Australias MD Mr. Nick Kugenthiran stated that, Fuji Xerox is a business organization, which has been created on the basics of morals and reliability where sustainability has basically how the organization run the business opportunity and it is the principals and values which help Fuji Xerox to maintain the top position in the market. The organization commits to ensure that they provides a flexible, open, secured and considerate workforce environment for its workforce which provides ample opportunity for personal as well as professional growth. Fuji Xerox is a member of the Australia and New Zealand Recycling Platform member which is formed to offer its members with a flexible to offer its associates with a flexible, sustainable planning to convene accountability in the Product Stewardship legislation. The vision of the organizat ion is to form a society which accumulates process and securely recycles electronic waste for positive environmental impact. In 2014, the Fuji Xerox Australia, sold hundred percent of the paper sold that were certified under FSC, PEFC and FSC certified which were either neutral or made from recycle papers. In 2015, the organization engaged with more social changes and sustainability. Fuji Xerox became actively participant in various societal change programs and the management believes that they can develop value for the society by effective value chain. It recognized the effect it has on community and the significance it has for its stakeholders by business activities, from procurement of raw materials, production, and usefulness of the customer till the dumping of the product by the customer. The value cannot be just created by any organization rather if is something that the stakeholders recognizes. This reorganization is done by monitoring and communiqu. Fuji Xerox considered emp loyees as an important part for organizational success. The main initiative of Fuji Xerox in 2015 was to build a unique corporate culture. But in 2015, there was less emphasis on environmental environment performance. The major difference between some of the difference in the guidelines used for reporting and disclosure in Japan 2015 sustainability report compared to the 2014 report produced in Australia can be because of the different cross cultural outlook. In Japan collectivism is given more importance and it is important for Japanese to look after community specially the old, despair and children (Globerman, et al. 2011). Collectivism can be defined as the priority of a group or community as whole over priority of the individuals present in it (Mukherjee, et al. 2012). Whereas Australia is a country where individualism is given more importance issues like personal comfort, self reliance, comfort are emphasized upon. It can also be said individualism is the tendency of self radia nt and independent (Hartung, et al. 2010). The theory of Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory explains the effect of societal values and beliefs upon its members and their impact on behavioural development of individuals (Chatterjee, 2014). On a score card of Power Distance Index, Japan Scores 46 on individualism and scores 86 in long term orientation where as Australia scores high in individualism, a 90 and only 31 in long term orientation. So, there is a difference between the basic outlooks of the corporate social responsibility as Japan sees collective growth and development of the society so more emphasis on employee growth and wellbeing (Anderson, and Landau, 2006). But in Australia emphasis is given on recycling of waste material rather than employee welfare. So, it can be understood how cultural and social outlook can affect the corporate social responsibility and decision making process in business organizations. Reflective Journal Of Personal Development After the completion of the assignment I have the basic idea about the Corporate Governance. They are that it is the duty of the board of directly to equally treat all stakeholders to practice ethics and morality in the organization and there should not be any conflict of interest and each director should be free of any obligations (Hopkins, 2012). It is the responsibility of the directors to ensure that the business assembles with the appropriate laws in needed situations. I learnt that Australian corporate governance law is highly influenced by the British governance law. However now it has a single legal structure, The Corporations Act 2001 which is controlled by Australian Security and Investments Commissions. The corporate governance is important in Australian market because it organizations and exercises the cost of capital in the international market. Social responsibility is a principle that has gain importance in welfare of human being for ages. However as we are experiencin g an age of globalization and cut throat competition in the business world, it has been an increasing apprehension of business managers. This is because the increasing communication among business organizations, society and legal bodies. Prior to the course my knowledge about corporate governance, ethics in business and social responsibility concepts and relevant principals were vague. Like all others, my basic idea of a business organization was that it is a simple money making organization. It is one of the basic facts, but if we analyse deeper and learn the basic of corporate ethics and morality I understood that a group of people cooperate and coordinate to form a business organization to achieve a common goal which they cannot achieve personally and make a contribution for the community and society as a whole. I used to believe that societal impact is about considering and recognizing the concern in the community. But the actual scenario is that community investment experts vie w it as a part of job and are quite excellent in it. From the course I learnt that the solo part that can create or split a community investment strategy understanding of the subject by the social investment team: its process, development plans, tactical challenge and priorities. Also, it was a general belief as others that the organizations do societal welfare work but does not tell. But it is not true; storytelling is also an important part of CSR as it creates awareness and movement for the initiatives (Trong Tuan, 2012). Also, I learned that if the organization does not announce its CSR activities, then its impossible for stakeholders to keep track of the communal activities of the business organization. So, it is a job role as a manager that I announce the societal welfare activity of my organization to keep aware the stakeholders which will in long run create brand awareness and loyalty. The contemporary CSR of any business organizations generally focuses on the environmental social and corporate governance (Larcker, and Tayan, 2015). Organizations are emphasizing on recycle of waters, resources and wastes to reduce the carbon footprint and decrease the environmental burden (Ghinea and Ghinea 2010). The organizations are also participating in community welfare and services most with the objective of giving back what they have taken from the community. Encouraging individuals who are socially challenged or services of the aged in the community are some of the common social measures in CSR. Lastly, generally all contemporary business organizations are emphasizing in good corporate governance (Mallin, 2011). As a business student I have learnt that managing a diverse workforce can be challenging so the manager has to practice gender and communal equality in the organization. The employees grow where there is flexible, open and encouraging work environment. So, after completion of the assignment I learnt about different aspects of Corporate Governance and it s relevant importance in business organizations and how board of directors are utilizing corporate governance to bring sustainability in business and stakeholders engagement. The GRI G4 guidelines are practically founded on philosophy to safe guide stakeholders and sustainability of the business organization, and according to my study and analysis this is the best possible practice in the industry. It brings clarity and truthfulness in the system and my analysis concludes that it also assists in keeping good relation between different levels in an organization. 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